Glider 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lightweight plane 2 - Assignment Example for estimating the length of the lightweight plane, scissors, adapting saw I sharp edge and extremely sharp edges are the fundamental materials and instruments used in building Basal Gliders. The apparatuses are significantly utilized in cutting superfluous parts. The development should start by building the wing and utilizing a wood stripper instrument in cutting the thick segments of balsa. Besides, there ought to be sheet weighing in any event 10.6 grams. The sheet was more the one gram however under 10.6 grams. The rest of the parts were developed with the accessible materials and devices. Readiness of fuselage or lightweight plane was the initial step with each base width and segments of rear end estimated and recorded. Scores and cuts were cut from the balsa wood length hence coming about to a full lightweight plane. All segments of lightweight flyer were gathered by sticking every individual segment to the collection of lightweight plane. This devoured quality time therefore allowing satisfactory time for the drying of every part before connecting the following segments. At this phase of lightweight plane development, penny-nose weight was applied to the lightweight flyer. In the long run, a tape was then used in attaching every penny to the glider’s nose, and at last coming about to a full lightweight plane. A beginning line on the floor was checked utilizing a veiling tape. Flight separation testing had at least 17feet to the arrival target, for example, a work area or seat. The consequence of the flight test was then recorded on the scorecard. This procedure helps in expectations of the usefulness and dependability of the balsa float of meeting its objective. Testing process utilized at least two tosses for the lightweight plane. The weight and equalization of the lightweight plane was changed by pushing the wings of the lightweight flyer ahead and in reverse, which influenced the flying procedure of the planes. The wings of the Glide were expanded to have a most extreme skimming separation. Skim Ratio is registered by separating the coast separation esteem with the elevation estimation of the float. Skim flight-testing strategy is ordinarily used to test the coasting separation and

Monsanto — Appointing, Legislating, and Lobbying Its Way to the Top

Intrigue bunches are characterized as a â€Å"organized gathering of individuals that makes strategy related appeals† and they can profoundly affect our administration and society (Ginsberg, Lowi, and Weir 419). These gatherings speak to their inclinations in the political field in an assortment of ways; they can get government authorities selected to government positions, campaign government authorities, and reserve media to promote their message to activate popular supposition and influence voters. Organizations intrigue bunches specifically use these systems, in light of the fact that there is a monetary motivation in passing great laws and passing on a decent picture to government and general society. One business intrigue as of now profiting by their communication with the Obama organization is Monsanto. Monsanto is a billion dollar organization liable for hereditarily changed seeds, the concoction Roundup and its related Roundup prepared yields, the harmful compound substance Agent Orange, ox-like development hormones (rBGH), and the manufactured sugar substitute known as aspartameâ€to name a couple. As a business intrigue gathering, it has been a breathtaking accomplishment in utilizing government to push its motivation, a lot to the consternation of natural activists, researchers, and concerned residents who need their administration to control organizations and secure general society. This paper will look at how business intrigue bunches like Monsanto have had the option to encourage their motivation under the Obama organization through the arrangement of workers to government positions, campaigning, and utilization of media to prepare popular sentiment. ) Appointment to Federal positions The arrangement of workers in business to positions in government is a typical event today and is regularly alluded to as â€Å"The Revolving Door†. This is the rearranging all through government and private part occupations, and it is terrible in light of the fact that it leaves these administration authorities with predispositions and the high possibility of being good for their prev ious business. In the Obama organization, there are presently numerous guns from private industry (â€Å"Revolving Door†). One current pistol from Monsanto who is presently settling on approach choices in regards to our sanitation is Michael Taylor. Michael Taylor was named representative chief for nourishments at the Food and Drug Administration in January 2010 and is a previous Vice President of Monsanto’s Public Policy(â€Å"Meet Michael R. Taylor, J. D. , Deputy Commissioner for Foods and Veterinary Medicine†). This clearly makes a predisposition when settling on choices about arrangements with respect to items made by Monsanto, for example, hereditarily altered nourishments or the ox-like development hormones utilized in milk. When Monsanto representatives like Michael Taylor get into these organizations, they are generally good for their previous boss Monsanto when deciding. They likewise guarantee direct access for lobbyists to the organizations they are in charge of; â€Å"many of Washington’s top lobbyists have close connections to significant individuals from congress or were themselves significant political figures, in this manner for all intents and purposes ensuring that customers will have direct access to government officials† (Ginsberg, Lowi, and Weir 414). Taylor is a previous lobbyist and current government official who presently gives Monsanto full access into the dynamic of a considerable lot of American’s choices about food. Lamentably, he is only one of every a reiteration of government authorities who have personal stakes in the private segment while as yet being permitted to settle on choices influencing the wellbeing and security of the American open. By getting representatives into government positions, organizations increment their odds of making a solid iron triangle framework that bolsters their advantage gathering. The iron triangle is a â€Å"stable, helpful relationship that frequently creates among a congressional board, a regulatory office, and at least one steady intrigue groups† (Ginsberg, Lowi, and Weir 418). This iron triangle framework is incredible in making positive enactment and guideline for Monsanto; their great working relationship with authoritative boards of trustees and official organizations permits them to help their plan and further their business by legitimately molding approach results. 2) Lobbying individuals from congress Campaigning is a basic piece of how intrigue bunches speak to their motivation in government and look for entry of positive enactment. A lobbyist’s objective is to impact approach a specific way by â€Å"mobilizing singular residents to contact lawmakers (grassroots campaigning), affirming at hearings, submitting composed remarks to an office or board of trustees, public statements, and other activities† (Hasen 217). Lobbyists additionally exploit their immediate access and â€Å"personal contact with officials and taff members† to impact arrangement choices (Hasen 217). Monsanto is staggeringly capable in every one of these zones, and was the top campaigning customer in the agribusiness segment with $8,831,120 spent in 2008 and $5,970,000 in consumptions in 2012 (â€Å"Annual Lobbying on Agricultural Services†). Business intrigue bunches regularly hall congress and the official branch to advance their motivation and sanction ideal laws and guidelines. The y do this by increasing direct access to individuals from Congress and government organizations and making their inclinations heard. This is even energized by the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) that â€Å"requires most government offices to give notice and a chance to remark before actualizing proposed new standards and legislation† (Ginsberg, Lowi, and Weir 434). This permits organizations like Monsanto to meet with offices like the USDA, FDA, and EPA to say something regarding issues that influence them, for example, the benefits and security of hereditarily altered creatures (GMO’s), debilitating naming of GMOS’s, or implementation governs on synthetic compounds and pesticides. Research shows that business intrigue bunches have increased administrative accomplishment through straightforwardly affecting the organization. As per examine, the â€Å"significant characteristic in intrigue bunch impact is the advantaged, standardized joining of certain gatherings into open choice making† (Binderkrantz 177-78). In light of Monsanto’s significant level of action with government organizations and their capacity to get access and campaign authorities straightforwardly, their conclusion is regularly coordinated into open strategy. Another way Monsanto lobbyists gain impact is through the data they bring to the table the legislature. Research says â€Å"the most significant factor overseeing the impact of a gathering was the capacity of a gathering to furnish legislators with both specialized and political information† (Smith 235). Monsanto furnishes occupied government authorities with data about the issues that passes on power and touts explore backing, settling on arrangement choices simpler for an administration official who may think nothing about the subject in any case. Actually, numerous legislators state lobbyists are a basic piece of government; in light of a 1978 bill extending campaigning divulgences, Senators Edward Kennedy, Dick Clark, and Robert Stafford gave the explanation that â€Å"Government without campaigning couldn't work. The progression of data to Congress and to each other government office is a fundamental piece of our vote based system† (Ginsberg, Lowi, and Weir 431). This statement epitomizes how government officials depend on lobbyists as a basic wellspring of data in regards to approach issues. Lobbyist’s job as channels of this data to government is urgent in light of the fact that they are in finished control of how data is presentedâ€and therefore how their motivation is gotten. One late bit of enactment that Monsanto profited by in view of the data their capacity to legitimately get to legislators was House Resolution 933, a crisis spending charge went to support government tasks through September and turn away an administration shutdown. The bill, marked by President Obama on March 26th 20013, will keep on shielding this multi-billion dollar organization from lawful consequences of the wellbeing of its items. The spending charge, presently named the â€Å"Monsanto Protection Act†, embedded a disconnected arrangement that awards Monsanto against lawful order for the following year and the capacity to keep planting seeds and reaping crops regardless of whether there are issues found with hereditarily adjusted living beings. Since they were attempting to surge this bill through to evade government shutdown, these obscure arrangements had the option to sneak through. The Missouri Senator who included the bill, Roy Blunt, concedes he worked with Monsanto in making the subtleties of this lawmaking body (â€Å"New Law Spurs Controversy, Debate Over Genetically Modified Crops†). This bit of defensive enactment shows how organizations can utilize their immediate access to government authorities to modify arrangement changes. On account of this preferred position of access and authority, business intrigue bunches like Monsanto are amazingly effective in changing their plan into open arrangement. Generally, investigate indicates that there is an inclination towards organizations. When contrasting remarks from business with nonbusiness analysts in government organization hearings, there was a reasonable victor in arrangement results. Offices are bound to be convinced by lobbyists for business interests in light of â€Å"the number of remarks originating from business interests† and the way that the â€Å"comments from business-related interests give more data and sign a more noteworthy degree of analyst ability, making organizations react to the solicitations made†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Webb 128). This exploration shows business intrigue bunches have the bit of leeway both in the measure of information, and the feeling of believability the data has originating from a huge industry. Monsanto teaches these administration authorities through their company’s own plan and in this way regularly prevails with regards to getting the polici

The Relationship Between Steroids and Bipolar Disorder

The Relationship Between Steroids and Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Print The Relationship Between Steroids and Bipolar Disorder By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on September 10, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on September 10, 2019 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights Pillbox / U.S. National Library of Medicine In her memoir Skywriting, television journalist Jane Pauley disclosed that she has bipolar disorder.?? The illness appeared when she was given steroids for a case of hives, she says. The revelation refocused public attention on the relationship between steroids and manic depression.?? In the portion of her book excerpted in the August 20, 2004 issue of People, Pauley writes that she experienced hypomania following the first administration of steroids for her hives and depression with the second. The depression was serious enough that she was prescribed a low-dose antidepressant, and she rebounded into an agitated mixed state and rapid cycling.?? Her doctor explained that the antidepressant unmasked a never-before-suspected vulnerability to bipolar depression. But, according to Pauleys account, the mood swings began with the steroids. She was hospitalized at the time and stabilized on lithium. What Are Steroids? When taken in as a medication, steroids (also known as corticosteroids) are synthetic drugs that are similar to cortisol, a hormone naturally produced in the body.?? While the term steroid is typically equated with its drug form, the body also makes steroids naturally. Studies have shown that corticosteroids, like the one Pauley was prescribed, can induce psychiatric symptoms. The use of steroids is associated with mood disturbances and psychosis. Mania and depression can be triggered by the initiation as well as withdrawal of steroids. Corticosteroids Corticosteroids are used in the treatment of a wide variety of medical conditions including:?? AsthmaEmphysemaCrohns diseaseBursitisTendinitisUlcerative colitisHivesInsect bitesNasal allergiesEczemaPsoriasis What the Research Says Single-use steroids are highly unlikely to cause any kind of mental  disturbance. Rather, it  is the prolonged and steady administration of steroids that may cause these uncommon psychiatric side effects.?? By her own account, Pauley was taking steroids for five months before the mood swings began. A 2006 meta-analysis found psychiatric adverse effects common from steroid use, with hypomania and euphoria being the most common. Long-term use, however, has been associated with depression. It also found that the severity of the adverse effects related to the dosage.?? According to a 2003 case report, while the underlying mechanism is still unclear, adverse psychological symptoms associated with corticosteroid  use is potentially reversible with dose reduction or discontinuation of the drug.?? However, treatment of the psychiatric symptoms is often required. According to forensic psychiatrist Dr. Henry Lahmeyer, single-use steroids are unlikely to cause any kind of mental disturbance. Rather, more often, it is the prolonged and steady administration of steroids that may cause these psychiatric side effects. By her own account, Pauley was taking steroids for five months before the mood swings began. Another 2004 study also indicated that some of the changes noted in the hippocampus can be prevented with selective antidepressant and anticonvulsant drug treatments such as Eskalith (lithium).?? It is important to be aware of the potential psychiatric impact of steroids, and continued research holds better promise for understanding these potential psychiatric side effects.??

French Vocabulary Quantities, Weights, and Measures

As you learn French, you will want to learn how to describe things in terms of quantity. From basic weights and measures to adverbs describing how many or how much, by the end of this vocabulary lesson, you will have a good understanding of quantifying things. This lesson is for an intermediate level student as some of it discusses concepts like conjugating verbs and the adverbs used to define quantities. However, with a little study and practice, any student of French can follow the lesson. Quantities, Weights, and Measures (Les Quantità ©s, les Poids et les Mesures) To begin the lesson, lets look at easy French words that describe simple quantities, weights, and measurements.   can, box, tin une bote de bottle une bouteille de box un carton de tablespoon une cuillre soupe de teaspoon une cuillre th de gram un gramme kilogram un kilogramme deun kilo de liter un litre de pound une livre de mile un mille foot un pied jar, cup un pot de inch un pouce cup une tasse de glass un verre de Adverbs of Quantity  (Adverbes de quantità ©) French adverbs of quantity  explain how many or how much. Adverbs of quantity (except  trà ¨s - very) are often followed by  de   noun. When this happens, the noun usually does not have an article in front of it; i.e.,  de  stands alone, with no  definite article.* There are a lot of problems. -  Il y a beaucoup de problà ¨mes. I have fewer students than Thierry. -  Jai moins dà ©tudiants que Thierry. *This does not apply to the starred adverbs below, which are always followed by the definite article. Exception: When the noun after  de  refers to specific people or things, the definite article is used and contracts with  de  just as the  partitive article  would. Compare the following sentences to the above examples to see what is meant by specific. A lot  of the problems  are serious. -  Beaucoup  des problà ¨mes  sont graves.- We are referring to specific problems, not problems in general.Few  of Thierrys students  are here. -  Peu  des à ©tudiants de Thierry  sont ici.- This is a specific group of students, not students in general. To further your understanding of the  adverbs used with  quantities, read: Du, De La, Des†¦ Expressing Unspecified Quantities In French. Verb conjugations may be singular or plural, depending on the number of the noun that follows.Approximate numbers (see below)  like  une douzaine,  une centaine  follow the same rules. quite, fairly, enough assez (de) as much, as many autant (de) a lot, many beaucoup (de) quite a few bien de* how many, much combien (de) more davantage more encore de* around, approximately environ the majority of la majorit de* the minority of la minorit de* less, fewer moins (de) a number of un nombre de quite a few pas mal de few, little, not very (un) peu (de) most la plupart de* more plus (de) a lot of une quantit de only seulement so si so much, so many tant (de) so tellement very trs too much, too many trop (de) Approximate Numbers (Nombres approximatifs) When you want to make an estimate or take a guess, you can use approximate numbers. Most approximate French numbers are formed with the cardinal number, minus the final e (if there is one), plus the suffix -aine. about eight [days] (about a week) une huitaine about ten (note that x in dix changes to z) une dizaine a dozen une douzaine about fifteen [days] (about two weeks) une quinzaine about twenty une vingtaine about thirty une trentaine about forty une quarantaine about fifty une cinquantaine about sixty une soixantaine about a hundred une centaine about a thousand un millier Approximate numbers are treated grammatically as expressions of quantity. Like all expressions of quantity, approximate numbers must be joined to the noun they modify with  de.   about 10 students -  une dizaine dà ©tudiants   about 40 books -  une quarantaine de livres hundreds of cars -  des centaines de voitures   thousands of documents -  des milliers de documents Note that in English, its typical to talk about dozens of something, whereas in French its more natural to say  dizaines  rather than the literal equivalent  douzaines: dozens of ideas -  des dizaines didà ©es

Profiles on Pedophiles and Child Killers

Consider the Lobster Free Essays

Have you ever thought about how the food you’re about to eat was prepared? I know I rarely do, and many of us never pay any mind to what exactly is on our plate. David Foster Wallace’s essay will almost definitely make you ask yourself a few questions regarding meat consumption. His piece talks about the controversy behind killing lobsters and questions people’s general views on that matter, making his audience think about morality. We will write a custom essay sample on Consider the Lobster or any similar topic only for you Order Now After reading â€Å"Consider the Lobster† I couldn’t help but think how ridiculous it is to state that lobsters don’t feel pain, and even more ridiculous to use such statement in order to make people think that they’re not actually hurting the lobsters. It’s said that lobsters’ brains don’t let them feel pain, and that’s what makes the killing of them okay for a lot of people (308). I believe that every creature is capable of experiencing at least some sort of physical discomfort. I don’t know about insects, but all animals seem to feel pain just as we, humans, do. To me, the best proof that lobsters do actually feel pain is the author’s argument that they behave â€Å"very much as you or I would behave if we were plunged into boiling water†(310, Wallace). People notice the lobster’s panicky reaction to being thrown into the extremely hot kettle and often times decide to leave the room. I think that by doing so, they acknowledge that the animal is suffering and decide to wait it out so that it feels less like they’re a part of the process. I don’t think I would ever be able to kill a lobster. I’ve always been very sensitive to animals being subjected to pain; I even have problems with trying to go fishing whenever my uncle asks me to. I can’t look at the fish suffocating and jumping all over the place. Therefore, I’m completely convinced that I would never take a part in the infliction of pain on animals. Not directly at least. But when I think about it, I do take some part in it, by consuming meat. Does the fact that I don’t personally kill my own chickens or turkeys really make me a better person than the people who prepare their own lobster? Just because I don’t do it myself shouldn’t suggest I’m less guilty. I would, of course, never slaughter any animal, but I buy the meat anyway, even though I know exactly how it’s done and what kind of psychological and physical torture those animals go through. And honestly, I have given it much thought, but I do not have anything to say in my defense. I’ve watched many documentaries revealing the horrible ways in which animals are slaughtered. And sure enough, after watching that, I didn’t eat meat for a few weeks. But once the videos started slowly fading away in my memory and weren’t as vivid, I got right back into the meat eating habit. The shock I experienced after first seeing the documentary has slowly passed and allowed me to push it to the back of my mind. There are a lot of times when I’m about to take a bite of meat and those horrid images go through my mind. Once that happens I just simply push them out and force myself to think about something else. I feel like thats a bit hypocritical of me, since I think of myself as a person who would never harm an animal, but in reality, I choose to ignore that I am, in fact, harming them in some way. However, I’m almost certain that if I were to watch those videos ever day or face the actual process and watch it with my own eyes, I’d have a rather hard time getting rid of the shock and would become vegetarian right away. It’s the fact that I’m not constantly reminded of it, that makes me not think about it as much. The author discusses various ways in which lobsters are killed. Some of them are simply horrifying. He mentions that some cooks â€Å"put the lobster in cold saltwater and then very slowly bring it up to full boil†(311). How could that possibly be a more humane way to prepare a lobster? To me, it seems like such process only makes the animal’s suffering worse and as the author says: â€Å"lobsters boiled incrementally often display a whole bonus set of gruesome, convulsionlike reactions thats you don’t see in regular boiling†(311). Wallace also talks about cooks who poke wholes in the lobsters and then microwave them alive or tear off the claws and tail. It makes me wonder: are those cooks cruel people? Or just people who have to do their jobs? If they’re just doing their jobs however, how could they not want to try and do it as least painfully as possible? It’s very hard for me to understand how could someone be capable of microwaving an animal alive. And it’s dreadful to me. Something really admirable about this essay is how much information was included in it. The reading is composed of everything you might ever want to know about lobsters; where they came from, how long they’ve been around, how they’re prepared and consumed and the controversy behind it. Wallace has evidently spent an enormous amount of time working on this piece. Once fact that I found very interesting was that â€Å"up until sometime in the 1800s, lobster was literally low-class food, eaten only by the poor and institutionalized†(302). It’s amazing to think how with time, the culture evolves and adapts completely new norms. Feeding lobsters to inmates used to be against the law and nowadays it’s simply considered a delicacy. It only makes me wonder what will people see it as in another hundred years, and how much will our perception have changed. Reading David Foster Wallace’s essay on the Maine Lobster Festival was surprisingly grasping to me. His sudden change of subject, from describing how the festival is prepared and celebrated, to discussing the ethics of killing and consuming our food made his writing very interesting and captivating. His writing was very effective and caused me to consider my choices, which I probably wouldn’t have done otherwise. How to cite Consider the Lobster, Papers

Professional - Ethical and Legal issues in Healthcare

Question: Describe about the Professional, Ethical and Legal issues in Healthcare. Answer: Introduction The problem of Ethical dilemma is often faced by the nurses, irrespective of the role and the location of the practice of nursing. Any kind of decision, which is concerned with ethics, will have an immense impact on the nurses, patients and the families of the patients. Due to the nature of importance of ethics, the issues pertaining to ethics has become a fundamental rule and it is associated with all the nursing practices. In the view of Aiken (2004), ethics is a discipline, which deals with the appropriateness and wrongness of a particular action. Ahead of that, it also involves the doing of good acts and excluding any kind of harm. However, in nursing practices taking ethical decisions could be prejudiced and differs from one nurse to the other. For making a best ethical decision, it needs a perception, but somewhat, the control and internalization of the knowledge of ethical toolkit, that are influenced through the beliefs, values and experiences of the nurses. This consecutively forms a logical progression by identifying the ethical dilemma along with the capability of providing a systematic method in the form of a solution (Beauchamp and Childress, 2009). In contrast, Hendrick (2000) accepted the terms morally and ethically and described it in an approach that relates to the nursing practice. According to him, moral and ethics can be viewed merely between what is correct and incorrect, right or wrong in the action of humans and the outcomes of what we do. He also recommended applying these approaches academically and theoretically. The common ethical issues that are faced include universal human rights, abortion, death, environment, healing and quality of life. Being healthcare professionals, we frequently encounter ethical dilemma because of conflicting interests like personal beliefs, social consent or professional beliefs that are not in consensus (Hayes, 2004). In order to practice nursing ethically, the professionals of nursing must be perceptive to identify the doubtful ethical issues in their occupation on a daily basis. Abortion has constantly been a contentious subject leading to an argument in a larger extent over the years, particularly the thought aligned with abortion is ongoing between the perspectives of pro-life and pro-choice. Pro-choice are the individuals who consider that the females possess the right regarding the termination of pregnancy or to keep the baby on the grounds of their health conditions. In contrast, pro-life criticize the act of abortion and recommends it to be criminalized by law. This is due to the reason that, all the human beings should possess the rights to live, despite whether they are having any kind of disability or not. The perspective of the supporters of pro-life is that from the conception time, i.e. when a fetus acquires the form of a human being and hence it has a right to live. The importance and trust of the professionals of healthcare concerning the issue on abortion care are being challenged every day. The supporters who do not agree with the idea of abortion observe it as a type of unethical and immoral activity. If the cause against the act of abortion is significant, then, how do the individuals justify in similar conditions using ethics and morals to put forward the social acceptance of putting to death, particularly, the death sentence employed in a number of countries, even in Singapore which is a although a developed country (Johnstone, 2013). In this article, I desire to argue that the act of abortion should not be observed sim plistically as a killing act, instead to understand the ideas that encourage the thought of abortion. This article will commence by highlighting the ethical theories. In addition, a discussion regarding the act of abortion will be carried out from the viewpoint of legal, ethical as well as professional context. Subsequently, an argument between the right of the fetus and maternity rights will be revealed. This is pursued by the argument between individual value and belief as contrasted to the duty of the healthcare professionals. Lastly, it will also provide the methods to reduce the abortion risk and its prevention. In the concluding section, a demonstration of the level regarding the supportiveness of the act of abortion will be emphasized. Ethics Theories Due to the advancements in the technology, the ethical issues have turned to be more complex and offer additional substitutes. This has resulted in the rise of various controversial questions. For instance, do the pregnant women possess complete independence over their healthcare situations concerning their body? Where does life start? Does the fetus possess any right? Ethically, the reply to these complicated questions and the actions depend on the instinctive morals of a person. The issues like beneficence and non-maleficence, autonomy, justice along with the quality of life come into this particular category. An individual theory of ethics is instinctive. The proposition is that the ethical principles and terms can be observed in the expedience of humans and their instinctive acts. Utilitarianism, which was established by Jeremy Bentham, argues that the essential principle of utility involves the maximization of pleasure and minimization of pain (Ferm 1950,p. 269). It is an illust ration of a significant ethical theory, since it declares that an act, which is morally good, is the one that assists the greater number of individuals. In contrast, Deontology, which is a kind of non-consequences theory, considers the actions that are required to be based correctly on the system and laws concerning the duties and obligations. In the opinion of Kant (1997), absolute adherences are required by deontology to these acts and obligations ethically from duty. The act of abortion was a social, legal and political issue prior to Roe v. Wade decision by the Supreme Court of the United States in the Year 1973. Rights of the Foetus Versus maternal rights In women, pregnancy is a process which is continuing. For identifying a point beyond which the act of abortion should not be permitted is difficult. This is due to the reason that there is an unclear destination from the stage of conception to the birth stage. The identification of the ethical status of the foetus is based on the developmental stages, such as viability, appearance and sensitivity to pain. Therefore, before committing the act of abortion it is essential to know what the act of abortion is. Mainly, it is the termination and expulsion of pregnancy prior to birth. It may take place unexpectedly, in that case it is called miscarriage, or it can be an abortion which is induced. Around 42 million cases of abortion take place worldwide in a year. Around 12 % of abortion takes place at or subsequent to 13weeks of gestation, 1.35 % being performed ahead of 21weeks of conception (Napolitano Thilaganathan, 2010). In spite of the substantiation of abortion in a number of countri es, the response to whether the act of abortion is ethically allowed remains doubtful. The professionals of health care frequently have to face the issues regarding the involvement or withdrawal from the procedure of abortion and such decisions can be complex as well as difficult. From the viewpoint of the expecting women, they have the right to choose what can happen with their body. In the view of Johnstone (2004), the decision regarding abortion should be strong-minded and it should be valued as her independence. In addition, they should be permissible to make a decision what is going to take place with their bodies. No one, together with professionals of healthcare should go against their decisions. The Fetus is regarded as a potential life that depends on the body of the pregnant female for its survival. Following 24weeks of gestation, the life of then fetus is believed to be viable. The rights of the fetus should be the main concern except the ongoing of pregnancy would result in instant destruction and intimidates the physical condition of the expecting mother. According to the Ministry of Health (2004), abortion is allowed if the continuation of the period of pregnancy is intimidating the physical condition of the expecting women and can result in permanent damage to the pregnant women either mentally or physically. However, the fetus grows particularly further than the 24weeks of gestation, the rights of the fetus surpass the rights of the mother. Personal value and belief versus healthcare professional duty In the cases of abortion, the nurses frequently act in response in ways that demonstrate the difficulty of the issue. The values in the area of nursing include realizing what is vital for the profession as well as the nurses personally, in addition to what is essential for the expecting mother. Abortion is an area in which several nurses are struggling with the conflicts of their professional duty and individual worth (Marek, 2003). Since, it is not easy to encourage a woman in the process of decision making regarding the termination of pregnancy (Murphy et al. 2000, p.2235). The individual belief of the individuals affects their decisions, but proficiently speaking, the professionals of healthcare must avoid such type of behavior. In reply to the necessity for information and care that addresses contraception and sexual health (Murphy et al. 2000, p.2235). A number of nurses are in favor in assisting the procedure of abortion. Few nurses may not help in the abortions but may possibl y provide care to the patient subsequent to the process. Several other nurses would help in abortion in the first tri-mester of the pregnancy but may not agree in later stages. There is no obligation for the nurses in supporting a position in which they oppose. However, the nurses are compelled to reveal this information before they start working in the hospitals or clinics that perform abortions. Regardless of everything, the nurses should give respect to the patients decision that looks for care. Being healthcare professionals, we must inform the patient systematically regarding the decisions of healthcare. In Singapore, compulsory counseling is needed prior to the procedure for every patient who wants to terminate their pregnancy. For females who are less than 14 years of age, there is no medical privacy for protecting them from being reported to the police as well as to parents, as it is an offence for any male to have sexual contact with a female who is less than 14 years of ag e (statutory rape). The Health Promotion Board (HPB) counseling centre counsels the females who are below 16years of age. The patients who are mentally disabled require certification by a psychiatrist that continuation of the pregnancy can result in harming the mother prior to the medical procedures. It is compulsory to wait for 48 hours after the procedure of counseling is conducted ahead of the procedure of abortion. The patients who choose to terminate their pregnancy are needed to sign a declaration of level of education, marital status and number of kids. All the patients must receive complete information and understand the information as well as consent willingly. This entire procedure is strictly confidential and nobody is provided with the information, including the parents of the patient. The professionals of health care frequently have to face the issues regarding the involvement or withdrawal from the procedure of abortion and such decisions can be complex as well as difficult. From the viewpoint of the expecting women, they have the right to choose what can happen with their body. Every pati ent who will undergo the termination of pregnancy is required to have post abortion counseling and need to come back following a week for follow up of any sort of complications. Additionally, political aspect is one of the issues that deals with political candidates, who are not in favor of abortion will pass the legislation and go on confronting the strategy in bringing up the consideration to their viewpoint. The legal aspects of Roe V.Wade (1973) has given a work of abortion law, codifying, regulating and limiting whether, when and under what conditions the women may opt for an abortion (Learman et al., 2005). Prevention and ways of lowering the abortion risk In the year 1986, the government of Singapore encouraged those who manage to have more kids that lead to a reduction in the rate of abortion. The identification of the ethical status of the foetus is based on the developmental stages, such as viability, appearance and sensitivity to pain. Therefore, before committing the act of abortion it is essential to know what the act of abortion is. Mainly, it is the termination and expulsion of pregnancy prior to birth. It may take place unexpectedly, in that case it is called miscarriage, or it can be an abortion which is induced. Around 42 million cases of abortion take place worldwide in a year. Around 12 % of abortion takes place at or subsequent to 13weeks of gestation, 1.35 % being performed ahead of 21weeks of conception (Napolitano Thilaganathan, 2010). In spite of the substantiation of abortion in a number of countries, the response to whether the act of abortion is ethically allowed remains doubtful. The professionals of health care frequently have to face the issues regarding the involvement or withdrawal from the procedure of abortion and such decisions can be complex as well as difficult. From the viewpoint of the expecting women, they have the right to choose what can happen with their body. In the view of Johnstone (2004), the decision regarding abortion should be strong-minded and it should be valued as her independence. In addition, they should be permissible to make a decision what is going to take place with their bodies. No one, together with professionals of healthcare should go against their decisions. It could be used to know their menstrual cycle, planning of pregnancy or avoiding pregnancy. In addition, vasectomy is also applicable to be performed on males along with tubal ligation for females which only can be performed in a clinic or hospital with the consent of the patient. All the types and methods of contraception have a probability to get failed. Additionally, by using simple language whil e communicating with the patient would be better in providing education regarding family planning as well as raise the awareness pertaining to abortion to patients and their families. Conclusion: The act of abortion has been a controversial issue over several years. It involves several ethical issue as well as laws. In the situations that affect the decision of the individual, for instance cases of rape, have an effect on the expecting mothers health, some individuals think that it is all right, but a number of them consider that the fetus must be viable. Hence, the nurses provide education to the pregnant women and their families regarding the process, risks and complications. An improved access and utilization of the contraceptive services as well as emergency contraception could result in the reduction of the cases of unintentional pregnancy and a decline in national rate of abortion. It should underline the significance of the programs of family planning through public support in such a way to reduce the prevalence of unplanned pregnancy as well as abortion. In addition to that, there is also a need to provide education to the pregnant women and their family members regar ding the procedure as well as concerns after the completion of the procedure. In all the situations, healthcare professional are responsible to review the potential benefits as well as harms prior to the execution of any sort of intervention. Health care professionals should be encouraged to provide valid services to guarantee accessibility, affordability and quality of care for the women,. Being a nurse, the care goals for every patient should be determined by giving proficient care, even if it is in opposition to the personal belief. The ethical principles, personal values and belief, laws, and code of conduct, should be kept in mind while analyzing all the situations individually and an association between patients, their families and the healthcare providers for establishing the ethical action. References: Abortion In Singapore https://sg.theasianparent.com/abortion_in_singapore/ Bandman, E. Bandman, B. (2002). Nursing Ethics Through the Life Span. (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, Beauchamp,T.L and children , J.F. (2009) Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 6th edn. Oxford: ocford university Press Bulletin of the World Health Organization, year 2000 Butts, J., 2008.Ethics in professional nursing practice. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. code of practice for midwives - Health Professionals Portal Dadlez, E. M., Andrews, W. L. (2010). Post-abortion syndrome: Creating an affliction. Bioethics. 24(9), 445-452, DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8519.2009.01739.x. Ethical, Social, and Legal Issues C, https://www.coursewareobjects.com/objects/evolve/E2/book_pages/murray/pdfs/Murray_036-050_Ch03.qxd.pdf F.(n.d). A History of Philosophical System (p.269). Finer, Lawrence B. and Lori F. Frohwirth, Lindsay A. Dauphinee, Susheela Singh and Ann F. Moore."Reasons U.S. Women Have Abortions: Quantitative and Qualitiative Perspectives."Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, Guttmacher.org, September 2005. Guidelines on Termination Of Pregnancy _Singapore https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/dam/moh_web/HPP/all_healthcare_professionals/(2)_Guidelines%20on%20Termination%20of%20Pregnancy.pdf Hayes,C.(2004). Ethics in end of life care. Journal of Hospice Palliative Nursing,6 (1):36-45 Hendrick J.Law and ethics in nursing and health care.Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes, 2000. https://www.familyplanning.org.nz/advice/contraception/contraception-methods https://www.healthprofessionals.gov.sg/content/dam/hprof/snb/docs/publications/Code%20of%20Practice%20for%20Midwives%20(Aug%202001).pdf https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/dam/moh_web/Publications/Reports/1998/National%20Medical%20Ethics.pdf Johnson BR, Ndhlovu S, Farr SL, Chipato T. Reducing unplanned pregnancy and abortion in Zimbabwe through postabortion contraception. Studies in Family Planning 2002, 33 (2): 195-202. Johnson, D. (2013) The Jolly Hangman, the Jailed Journalist, and the Decline of Singapores Death Penalty,Asian Criminology, 8:41-59 Jones RK, Darroch JE and Henshaw SK, Patterns in socioeconomic characteristics of women obtaining abortions in 20002001, Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2002, 34(5):226235; Henshaw SK and Kost K, Abortion patients in 19941995: characteristics and contraceptive use, Family Planning Perspectives, 1996, 28(4):140147 158; and Henshaw SK and Silverman J, The characteristics and prior contraceptive use of U.S. abortion patients, Family Planning Perspectives, 1988, 20(4):158159 162168. Learman, L. A., Drey, E. A., Gates, E. A., Kang, M., Washington, A. E., Kuppermann, M. (2005). Abortion attitudes of pregnant women in prenatal care. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 192(6), 1939-1947, DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2005.02.042 Lipp,A.(2008). Challenges in Abortion care for practice nurses. Practise Nursing,19(7):326-9 Making abortions safe: a matter of good public health policy and practice Marek, M. J. (2003). Nurses' attitudes toward pregnancy termination in the labor and delivery setting. JOGNN. 33(4), 472-479 Marshall, J., Raynor, M. (2001). Conscientious objection 1: Legal and ethical issues. British Journal of Midwifery. 10(6), 389-392 Marston C, Cleland J. Relationships between contraception and abortion: a review of the evidence. International Family Planning Perspectives 2003, 29 (1): 6-13 Napolitano,R., Thilaganathan,B. (2010). Late termination of pregnancy and foetal reduction for foetal anomly. Best Practice research: Clinical Obstetrics Gynaecology,24(4):529-37 NATIONAL MEDICAL ETHICS COMMITTEE OMalley, C. Legal and Ethical Issues Concerning Pro-Life Choices. 2013 , https://ftp.kumc.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/2271/1173/STTJUNW-2013-OMalley.pdf?sequence=1 Singh S, Sedgh G. The relationship of abortion to trends in contraception and fertility in Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico. International Family Planning Perspectives 1997, 23 (1): 4-14. TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY ACT (CHAPTER 324) https://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3A%2212e6e975-dbc5-4964-9128-4d2f4ca6d89c%22%20Status%3Ainforce%20Depth%3A0;rec=0 Theological Bioethics: Participation, Justice, and Change https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=7TBZz54xdMkCpg=PA287lpg=PA287dq=kissling+2004+citation+prolifesource=blots=5JpunNNtJbsig=tuvr8q26wp6BEe-pTk2YF0lsyUAhl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwia2e6s5IbMAhXJLpQKHT_QDiMQ6AEILjAD#v=onepageq=kissling%202004%20citation%20prolifef=false White, Angela. "Cost of Giving Birth at the Hospital or at Home." Blisstree.com, 21 September 2008. "Why It Matters: Teen Pregnancy and Education."The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, retrieved 19 May 2009. www.who.int/bulletin/archives/78(5)580.pdf

Field and Query free essay sample

Traders Project Description: In this project, you will create several queries, use grouping and sorting criteria, and create expressions to make calculated fields. You will also set numeric and date criteria to produce specific results. Instructions: For the purpose of grading of the project you are required to perform the following tasks: Step| Instructions| Points Possible| 1| Start Access. Open the downloaded Access database named Exploring_a03_Grader_EOC. accdb. | 0| 2| Create a new query in Design view. Add the Customers, Orders, and Employees tables to the query design window. From the Customers table, add the CompanyName, ContactName, and ContactTitle fields; from the Orders table, add the OrderID, OrderDate, and ShippedDate fields; from the Employees table, add the LastName field. Be sure to add the tables and fields in the order listed. | 7| 3| In the first empty field cell of the design grid, create a new field in the query named DaysToShip that subtracts the OrderDate from the ShippedDate. We will write a custom essay sample on Field and Query or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the criteria row of the DaysToShip field, enter gt;20. | 10| 4| Run the query and then save it as Shipping Efficiency. | 5| 5| View the query in Design view. Add the Order Details table to the query window, and then add the ProductID and Quantity fields (in that order). Sort the query in ascending order by OrderID. | 5| 6| Set the caption property of the LastName field to SalesRep. Run, save, and then close the query. | 6| 7| Create a new query in Design view. Add the following tables in this order: Orders, Order Details, Products, and Customers. From the Orders table, add the fields OrderID and OrderDate (in that order) to the query design grid. | 6| 8| In Design view, add a Total row to the query. In the first empty field cell of the design grid, create a new field in the query named ExtendedAmount that multiplies Quantity by UnitPrice (in that order). Select the Sum function from the Total row in the new field. | 15| 9| In the next empty field cell of the design grid, create a new field in the query named DiscountAmount that multiplies Quantity by UnitPrice by Discount. Select the Sum function from the Total row. Format the calculated field as Currency. | 13| 10| Run the query and then save it as Order Summary. | 5| 11| View the Order Summary query in Design view. Set the criteria for the OrderDate field to return dates between 5/1/2012 and 5/31/2012. Run, save, and then close the query. | 8| 12| In the Navigation Pane, copy the Order Summary query and paste it into the database as Order Summary by Country. View the new query in Design view. | 8| 13| Replace the OrderID field with the Country field (from the Customers table). Sort the query by the ExtendedAmount field in Descending order. Run, save, and then close the query. | 12| 14| Close the database and then exit Access. Submit the database as directed. | 0| | Total Points| 100|

How to Study for a Social Science Test

How to Study for a Social Science Test When you study for a test in one of the social sciences, like history, government, anthropology, economics, and sociology, you must keep in mind that three things are important. You must understand the vocabulary of your discipline.You must understand the concepts you encounter in each segment of your study.You must understand the significance of each concept. Students are sometimes frustrated after an exam in the social sciences because they feel they prepared adequately but discovered during the exam that their efforts didnt seem to make a difference at all. The reason this happens is because students prepare for one or two of the items above, but they dont prepare for all three. Common Mistakes When Studying Social Science Vocabulary   The most common mistake students make is studying the vocabulary alone - or mixing concepts in with vocabulary. There is a big difference! To understand this, you can think of your material as a batch of cookies that you need to prepare. The vocabulary words are the ingredients, like sugar, flour, and eggs.Each individual concept is a cookie. Each looks a little different from the others, but each one stands alone as important.Altogether, the cookies make up a batch. You must create an entire batch of comprehension when you study for an exam in social science; you cant stop with a collection of ingredients! Here is why this is so important: Vocabulary words show up as short answer or fill-in-the-blank questions. Concepts often show up as multiple choice questions and essay questions. Treat your vocabulary as a set of ingredients for understanding the concepts. Use flashcards to memorize your vocabulary, but remember that to fully understand your vocabulary definitions, you must also understand how they fit into the larger concepts. Example: Imagine that you are preparing for a political science test. A few vocabulary words are a candidate, vote, and nominate. You must understand these individually before you can understand the concept of an election cycle. Studying in Stages The bottom line for preparing for a test in any social science is that you must study in stages. Practice vocabulary, but also study concepts and understand how different vocabulary words fit into each concept. Your concepts will also fit into a greater collection of knowledge (batch), like a specific historical period (Progressive Era) or a certain government type (dictatorship). The concepts you study are as individual as your vocabulary words, but it will take time and practice to recognize concepts as entities because the lines can be somewhat blurred. Why? The idea of a single vote (vocabulary word) is pretty clear cut. The idea of a dictatorship? That can be defined as many things. It can be a country with a dictator or a country with a very strong leader who demonstrates unchallenged authority, or it can even be an office that holds control over an entire government. Actually, the term is used to define an entity (like a company) that is controlled by one person or one office. See how blurred the concept can become? To summarize, any time you study for a social science test, you must go back and forth studying vocabulary, studying concepts, and studying how those concepts fit into the overall theme or time period. To study effectively for a social science exam, you must give yourself at least three days of study. You can use your time wisely and gain a full understanding of both terminology and concepts by using a method called  3 Way 3 Day study technique.

How the media portrays the Palestinian-Islaeli conflict, and what the Research Paper

How the media portrays the Palestinian-Islaeli conflict, and what the truth really is - Research Paper Example es that the international public has inadequate understanding of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as a consequence of their lack of factual knowledge. While many people lack any information at all about the origins of the conflict, it is evident that most of them are unable to identify the different actors and players in the conflict and therefore have limited or no understanding of what is actually going on in this conflict (Deprez and Karin, 187). The answer as to why public opinion on this long-time topic is so limited or there is significant lack of understanding of what is actually going on is inherent in the news production processes of the international media. The international media finds itself largely influenced by both Palestinian and Israeli lobbies and pressure groups that seek to distort the coverage to favor either side. Although it is unfair to hold the media solely responsible for the distorted public perceptions about the Palestine-Israel conflict, they play an important role in shaping public perception and opinion on international issues. In this light, this paper investigates the portrayal of the Palestinian- Israeli conflict in the media and the various factors that influence the coverage to favor either side. The paper tries to explore what is covered by the media and how it is presented vis-Ã  -vis the real situation on the ground or indeed the truth about the whole conflict so far. Most studies that have been carried out on media representation of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict mainly concern the presence of contextual information, reporting on victims, the choice of labels for reporting, and the use of actors and sources from both sides of the conflict (Stein, 137). Almost all the studies reach the conclusion that the media represents the Israelis and Palestinians in different ways. Although the studies mostly highlight a bias in favor of Israeli, it must however be pointed out that the studies largely focused on the Israeli and US

Performance Appraisals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Performance Appraisals - Essay Example This paper declares that performance appraisal is more important for the people who are assessed if compared to those who assess. However, many companies were able to put emphasis on providing feedback to the later; that is why every performance appraisal results in gradual improvement of the assessment mechanism. In other words, the employees may express their vision of how the process can be changed in order to reflect better the peculiarities of one’s performance. So, the appraisals that will be performed latter will be more accurate and more helpful than the original ones. This essay makes a conclusion that having examined all the points that were mentioned in the paragraphs above, one should make the following conclusion: it is beyond any doubt that performance appraisals are essential for developing and maintaining a positive and effective relationship between employer and employee. This can be seen in numerous aspects. For example, an employee is able to gain a better understanding of what is expected of it and how one is doing to meet those expectations. The change in the cycles of appraisal has changed significantly the function that they perform, leading to making them more useful. Another point that should be mentioned is that performance appraisal allows the company to manage and align the contribution of employees, leading to harmonisation of relationships in the working place. Finally, this concept serves many different roles all of which are beneficial for every party.

Existential Anxiety And Neurotic Anxiety

Existential Anxiety And Neurotic Anxiety Many theorists distinguish between anxiety and fear. While fear is a response to a specific, objective and defined threat, anxiety is internal and objectless. It is a free-floating feeling of unease and apprehension that something bad is going to happen. It is accompanied with physical sensations such as choking and tightness, warning the person of a potential danger (Cohn, 1997; Spinelli, 2007). However, this distinction does not clarify the concept of anxiety since it takes many forms and receives different emphases by a variety of approaches. A central term in the psychoanalytic theory is neurotic anxiety, while existentialists talk about existential anxiety. I will clarify the difference between the two and its implications for therapy. In doing so, I will consider Freuds outlook on anxiety and its origin, as well that of various existential philosophers and psychotherapists. Anxiety a. Neurotic Anxiety According to Freud Psychoanalysis emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior. Freud believed that the human psych is composed of the id, the ego and the superego, which work together to create complex human behaviors. According to this topographical model, the id seeks to fulfill all wants, needs and impulses while the superego plays the critical and moralizing role. The ego is the aspect of personality which deals with reality, having to cope with the conflicting demands of the id and the superego (Hall, 1954). Freud used the term ego strength to refer to the egos ability to function despite these dueling forces. A person with good ego strength is able to effectively manage these pressures. When the ego cannot deal with the demands of our desires, the constraints of reality and our own moral standards, we experience anxiety. Neurotic anxiety is the unconscious worry that we will lose control of the ids urges, resulting in punishment for inappropriate behavior. Moral anxiety involves a fear of violating our own moral principles. Whatever the anxiety, the ego seeks to reduce it. Operating at the unconscious level, it employs defense mechanisms to distort or deny reality. While all defense mechanisms can be adaptive and allow us to function normally, they can also be unhealthy. The defenses keep the threatening contents outside conscious awareness, restricting direct expression of drives. However, they provide indirect expression of these in displaced, sublimated, or symbolic form. Dreams, Freudian slips and even symptoms, are a compromise between a forbidden impulse or thought, and the defense against it. When defense mechanisms are extremely overused or distort reality too much, this will result in symptoms such as OCD or phobias, an active expression of the conflict (Mitchell and black, 1995). Existential Anxiety Existentialists consider anxiety ontologically and not a result of an individual ontic development. It is an inseparable, inevitable aspect of existence, and a potentially positive phenomenon. (Kirby, 2004; Cohn, 1997). According to the existential approach, the individuals anxiety-provoking basic conflict is not with repressed instinctual impulses, but with his confrontation with the givens of existence that cannot be avoided. These pose the human with certain ultimate concerns that are an inescapable part of the human beings existence in the world (May and Yalom, 1995). Several complementary models aim to reflect the structure of existence. One of the most known ones is Yaloms (1981), which identifies four ultimate concerns: death, freedom, isolation, and meaninglessness. The individuals confrontation with each of these provokes anxiety. Freedom refers to the fact that the human being is the author of his own life, and responsible for his own choices and actions. This responsibility and ability to choose freely, evokes feelings of dread and angst, since the outcome of our choices are never certain and always imply the rejection of alternatives (Cohn, 1997). According to Sartre (1956), people are condemned, rather than blessed to be free. Kierkegaard (cited in Cohn, 1997, p.71) describes anxiety as the giddiness of freedom. This dizziness is the price we pay for freedom, while making us aware of our possibilities under the limitations of the world we are thrown into. Anxiety is further intensified since we have no given meaning to guide us in our choices and to base our decisions on. Like a person lost in the jungle, we are forced to cut our own path through life, with no directing signs or maps to point us in the right direction (Cooper, 2003, p.22). Spinelli (2007) accentuates the human need to create a reality with meaning, an interpreted world. If there is no preordained design in life, then we must construct our own meaning in life. We are torn between contradicting forces- between our deep wish for ground and structure on one hand, and our awareness of freedom on the other hand, as well as our need to find meaning in a meaningless universe (May and Yalom, 1995). The most obvious ultimate concern is death (Tillich, 2000). While we wish to continue to live, we are aware of the terrifying truth of inevitable death. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it is not only freedom and nothingness that brings with it anxiety, but also the fact that our existence runs up against unavoidable boundaries, such as death and chance. Indeed, it is only because of these boundaries that our choices are infused with angst (cooper, 2003, p.23). This idea is well illustrated in the title of Heideggers work Being and Time- Daseins being is in time, it is finite (Steiner, 1987). Deaths inevitability makes life seem meaningless, reminds us of our existential isolation, and defines our choices as excluding one another due to the time limit (Yalom, 2008). Whether it is presented in terms of life versus death, meaning versus meaningless or certainty versus uncertainty, this internal tension expresses itself as anxiety, which is unavoidable and non-pathological, but a basic given of the individuals life. Considered in this way, the dilemma of existential anxiety is not so much that it is, but rather how each of us lives with it (Spinelli, 2007, p.27). How Do We Live with it? Van-Deurzen (2002) suggests that in our attempt to escape existential anxiety, we either withdraw from living, or accept life like there is no choice, living automatically under the self illusion that freedom and responsibility do not exist. This self deception that Sartre (1956) calls bad faith leaves no room for anxiety, but also no room for life itself. Heidegger describes the adoption of conventions as submitting to the they and the absorption in the day-to-day distractions, as fallenness- Dasein falls into the ontic world, into inauthenticity. The fallenness is positive because feeling emptiness and alienation, one becomes aware of the loss of himself, and can aspire to return to his authentic being (Kirby, 2004; Steiner, 1987). Anxiety throws Dasein back to that he is most anxious from- his authentic potentiality to being-in-the-world (Heidegger cited in Spinelli, 2007, p.29). Every attempt to escape or deny anxiety will only result in intensified anxiety, reminding us of our limitations. Life[à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦]will persecute those who attempt to play by their own rules until they too submit and bear their fate with courage rather than trying to escape (Van-Deurzen, 2002, p.39). An encounter with death, for instance, is often a critical turning point in our attitude to life, an awakening experience. Though the physicality of death destroys us, the idea of death can save us. (Yalom, 2008, p.33). Anxiety is indicative of ones awareness level to his freedom. The more one recognizes and acts on his basic freedom, the more angst he will feel, which is a sign of authenticity (Cooper, 2003; Steiner, 1987). When life is not taken for granted, existential anxiety is experienced (Van-Deurzen, 2002, p.35). We need to embrace and explore anxiety as part of our life experience. We are all torn between the polarities of the existential questions. By facing the polarities and finding the balance, we find meaning. Anxiety Comes in Different Disguises The source of neurosis is held by Tillich to be the refusal to accept anxiety. Furthermore, Yalom and May (1995) emphasize failed death transcendence as the source of many pathologies. It is the way of avoiding nonbeing by avoiding being (Tillich, 2000 p.66). In our attempts to escape anxiety, we adopt restrictive patterns of thought and behavior, which are expressed through structures of what can be identified as symptoms or disorders (Spinelli, 2007). The dread is disguised and concealed in various forms, which provide the illusion of safety, but also restrict growth (Van-Deurzen, 2002; Yalom, 2008). Pathologizing certain categories of anxiety is clearly incompatible with the existential-phenomenological approach. It seems more fitting to acknowledge a continuum where on one end are courageous and authentic ways to respond to anxiety, and at the other, avoidant, despairing and inauthentic ways (Kirby, 2004). Case Study Dave came to therapy feeling stuck and unsuccessful in all life areas. He married and quickly divorced and succeeded financially but lost everything. He even became religious and then secular again, after religion turned from love to awe. He followed the rules of Judaism obsessively, and also today, he fears he will be punished for various thoughts and acts. For over a year, he felt compelled to give charity in the first kiosk he saw that day, or else he would die. Freud might see this compulsive behavior as an expression of moral anxiety. There is an intra-psychic struggle between Daves ids drives (that made him sleep around and get involved in delinquency), and his super-ego, according to which he should not be doing and thinking such things, making him feel guilt. In his maladaptive efforts to settle the conflict, he tries to undo his acts and please the super-ego by giving charity that will save him from punishment. Treatment will aim to free the repressed conflict and allow it to enter consciousness and become integrated. Another aim might be strengthening his ego, allowing the development of healthier defense mechanisms in order to rid of anxiety (Hall, 1954). An existential approach will conceive this neurotic behavior as an expression of trying to escape death awareness. Daves fear is not from dueling inner forces, but from non-being. In his attempts to avoid the dreadful recognition that he too will die, he adopted a rigid and restricting behavior that gives him a sense of security from this threat. A behavior that says if I will donate, I will not die; it even says so on the box  [1]  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ In therapy, Dave should be encouraged to face anxiety and awaken from this illusion. We are all going to die, and acknowledging that enables living. An existential approach does not try to eliminate anxiety, it sees it as an important source of information that motivates and guides us to a full authentic life. According to Van-Deurzen (2002), in the first phase the therapist shows the client the various ways in which he escapes anxiety and chooses not to live. After that, the aim is to help him face anxiety and understand its meaning. The final stage includes exploration of creative ways to rise above the challenges presented by existence, and finding the courage to live with anxiety constructively. Dave and I are at the first stage, investigating ways in which he avoids living. He neglects many aspects of life and escapes thoughts and coping by concentrating on career and money, which give him the illusion of security. He found temporary refuge from anxiety in further frames, such as marrying despite a terrible relationship and becoming religious. Religion gave him meaning and a set of rules to live by, freeing him from the burden of freedom. He followed the Halacha  [2]   strictly, with no room to maneuver. Dave also described always feeling distant from his family. When I asked for a specific memory of feeling that way, we started to touch upon the second stage- the meaning of anxiety. At the age of 7 he witnessed his father get electrocuted and fall off a ladder. This evoked thoughts of life without him, and since then, he kept distant. Dave was exposed to death and the loneliness that accompanies it at a young age, with no one to talk to and process his feelings with. My role as a therapist is to help Dave cope with the complexity of reality and accept the risks and anxieties involved in active living. Dave will hopefully find the courage to give up some sense of security and control for more freedom, and find further compromises between extremes. Hopefully, from the expansion of perspective and learning to deal resolutely with life and death, he will abandon his limiting symptom that resembles the security of prison. Conclusion According to a Freudian perspective, neurotic anxiety is disproportionate to the situation and should be eliminated. It involves repression and distortion of reality that allows temporary security, but eventually tends to paralyze the individual. The source of anxiety is unconscious intra-psychic conflicts and drives, and Freud sees it as a sign of pathology, a psychological mechanism explicable in terms of cause and effect (Kirby, 2004, p.76). It is an abnormal state of mind and a result of a weak ego. Existentialists understand anxiety ontologically, as an unavoidable part of our being-in-the-world. It does not require repression, but rather should be embraced since it teaches us to open up to possibilities and find our own inner-voice. The human-being is not perceived mostly as driven, but as suffering and fearful, anxious in the face of awareness. The anxiety takes place not in ones inner-psychic world, but in his encounter with the external world. Hence, the therapeutic aim is not working on defense mechanisms and inner forces, but expanding the clients perspective and relatedness to the world. It may seem tempting for both therapist and client to concentrate on eliminating the symptom and supposedly getting rid of anxiety. However, Existentialists see this so called neurotic anxiety or pathological symptoms as trying to avoid existential anxiety. Since anxiety is a valuable source of information, we should encourage the client to learn what it can teach him, and not eagerly attempt to get rid of it with medication for example. Out of recognizing and accepting the anxiety, the disturbing symptoms will hopefully stop. Tillich (2000) recognized that we should understand anxiety ontologically before we can help our clients deal with it on an ontic level. The aim is living as much as possible without neurotic anxiety, but with the ability to tolerate existential anxiety.

Causes of Russian Revolution

Introduction: Since revolutions are complex social and political upheavals, historians who write about them are bound to differ on the most basic questions–causes, revolutionary aims, impact on the society, political outcome, and even the time span of the revolution itself. In the case of the Russian Revolution, the starting-point presents no problem: almost everyone takes it to be the â€Å"February Revolution† of 1917, which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the formation of the Provisional Government. But when did  the Russian Revolution  end? Was it all over by October 1917, when the Bolsheviks took power?Or did the end of the Revolution come with the Bolsheviks' victory in the Civil War in 1920? Was Stalin's â€Å"revolution from above† part of the Russian Revolution? Or should we take the view that the Revolution continued throughout the lifetime of the Soviet state? Russian Revolution, one of the major events that shaped world's future, overnigh t destroyed the existing society and replaced it with world's most radical social experiment ever seen. Although Russian Revolution is usually acknowledged as one revolution, it in fact consists of two different revolutions.The second one is called the Bolshevik Revolution. Causes of Russian Revolution: †¢ Dissatisfaction with Existing Conditions: The conditions in Russia were not optimistic. Not only was food scarce, the people were forced to pay heavy taxes and the gap between the peasants and the nobles was widening every day. Some people were also dissatisfied with the Tsar's autocratic rule and wanted him out to be replaced with a more democratic rule. Some felt that other powers were progressing faster than they were and that the Tsar should adopt some of their thinking.Moreover, of course, there were the communists, like the two groups, the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. †¢ Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War: Russia took on Japan in 1904, when Japan competed with them for Manchuria and Korea. The Russians were optimistic; as they were sure, their vast superiority of numbers would easily defeat the tiny Japan. But this was not to be. Japan, with their advanced technology destroyed the Russian Army, armed with their â€Å"primitive† weapons as compared to the Asians. This defeat was a great humiliation for Russia.The people lost confidence in the Tsar and the military. Russia, all along priding itself on military excellence, suddenly defeated by Japan. †¢ Bloody Sunday: On Sunday, 22nd January 1905, more than 200 000 workers, led by a priest of the church by the name of Father Gapon, took part in a peaceful demonstration in St. Petersburg (later known as Petrograd, and then Leningrad). They proceeded to the Winter Palace to present a petition to the Tsar regarding better working conditions, medical benefits and more freedom. They also wanted a parliament, or a Duma, to represent their views.The unarmed demonstrators were shot at by the Tsar's troops. There were many outbursts after that. Troops mutinied, peasants rose up and strikes emerged, all demanding that the Tsar create a Duma and more freedom. In the October Manifesto, the Tsar decided to form a Duma and allow more freedom of speech. This was the Tsar's real chance to improve people's lives by implementing reforms and increasing work condition standards. He could have employed the Duma well to gain him support and yet keep the people happy at the same time. Instead, he made a big mess out of everything.There were four Dumas within the span of 1906 and 1917, and the first three were changed due to the Tsar's selfishness and hunger for power. All four Dumas were powerless and did not really represent the people at all. †¢ Rasputin: So who IS Rasputin? Well, the story starts off with Alexis, Tsar Nicholas II's son. He suffered from haemophilia, where his blood was unable to clot after bleeding due to a lack of platelets in the blood. Rasputin cl aimed to be a holy monk from the remote wastelands of Siberia, and was able to use his â€Å"supernatural healing powers† to heal Alexis.Granted, Rasputin could ease some of Alexis' pain, but most of what he did seemed a scam. The Tsarina (the Tsar's wife) doted on her son and thus naturally treated the monk better. Rasputin abused his authority and replaced many ministers with his own family and friends, regardless of whether the previous ministers were good. Some of his decision in the country's administration were also foolish and led to many problems. This naturally led to people disliking Rasputin severely and thus blaming the Tsar for his trust in this incompetent person. †¢ World War I:This can be considered as one of the more important reasons for the revolution. Russia was, as we know, one of the most major powers in the world at that time. Up against a Germany that was being attacked from all sides, Russia expected a quick and decisive victory. In actual fact, Russia suffered a series of humiliating defeats. Tsar Nicholas II then decided to take matters into his own hands and take over as Commander in Chief. He went up to the battlefront to direct the battle, in the hope that his â€Å"brilliant tactics,† â€Å"marvellous manoeuvring† and â€Å"royal presence† would spur the army to victory.Sadly, this was not to be as his lack of military experience and inferior expertise devastated the Russian Army entirely, with the blame left on his shoulders. News of the large casualties and disappointing results of the campaign led to the people blaming the Tsar and losing even more trust in him as the weeks went by. When the Tsar was at the front, the Tsarina Alexandra was in charge of matters back in the capital. Under the influence of Rasputin (again), the Tsarina made many new changes to the administration and plunged the country into further crisis.Furthermore, the Tsarina was a German by birth, and incurred many people's w rath by doing so. The war effort was hampered greatly by many constant problems. These included shortages of ammunition and other supplies, an inefficient transportation and distributing system, incompetent military leadership, low morale and desertions, and high land losses and casualty rates. The war was financed through borrowing and printing money instead of raising taxes, as they felt that doing so would cause objections from the already-unhappy people.Wages did not keep pace with inflation, and Ukraine, the largest corn-producing area, was lost in the war. The inefficient railway system was unable to distribute food efficiently. Most of the young men went to fight for the army, leaving the women and elderly to do the work on farms. Additionally, corn prices were fixed, but clothes prices were rising. Many peasants had to go into factories to work. Lousy living conditions made things even worse. Course of Russian Revolution: †¢ It all sparked of when the government held ta lks with some sea-workers.The workers were asking for better work conditions and pay. However, the talks failed and the workers mutinied. †¢ Furthermore, a few days ago it was International Women's Day, where many women gathered to protest against the food scarcity facing them in Russia. †¢ On the day of the revolution itself, many people went on strikes and riots, effectively paralysing more than half of Petrograd. †¢ Soldiers, too, fought half-heartedly as they believed that the government was ineffective. †¢ The people clamoured for a change in the administration, which the Tsar refused to give.Most of the soldiers then joined the strikes, with only a handful of patrols still remaining loyal to the Tsar. †¢ The Duma, desperate for peace and change, forced the Tsar to make a decision immediately – change the administration or pass on power. The Tsar decided to abdicate in favour of his brother, Grand Duke Michael. The Grand Duke refused the throne, and the Duma formed a democratic Provisional Government on a temporary basis, thus ending the reign of the Romanov monarchy. Causes of Bolshevik Revolution: †¢ Failure of the Provisional Government:The Provisional Government was only a temporary government meant to take care of the empire until it could hold elections for a Constituent Assembly which would draw up a constitution for Russia. However, it was not confident enough of itself to implement mass reforms and such, as it was not elected, but self-appointed and temporary. After the revolution, many people expected democracy and an elected parliament. However, the Provisional Government delayed the elections and this lost them a lot of support. They claimed that so many people were away fighting that it was not possible to hold elections.While this was going on, so was the war. While the war-weary people wanted the war to end, the Provisional Government felt that victory would boost morale. However, more defeats meant that hundreds of soldiers deserted and more support lost. The people wanted many reforms, most importantly land reforms, as the majority of the population – the peasants, wanted the lands of the aristocrats. However, the reluctant and wary government, as mentioned earlier, did not want to do so in order to consolidate their position first.The government also inherited the problems of the Tsar's, as they had to face inflation and food shortages. The government was also humiliated many times by their own inability to deal with problems. In the cities, workers formed groups called the Petrograd Soviet, a form of workers' union. The Petrograd Soviet called upon all soldiers to obey them, and thus the government became reliant on them. This can be seen in the example of the Kornilov incident, where the rogue commander-in-chief Kornilov turned on the government with his troops.The government had to turn to the Petrograd Soviet for help, and they promptly replied with their own forces, known as the Red Guard, by driving away Kornilov and his troops quickly. †¢ The Appeal of the Bolshevik Party: The Bolsheviks were one of the communist parties in Russia at that time. Their leader was a man known as Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, and was a great fan of Marx's. He had been influenced by Marx's socialist writings and wished to transform Russia into the ideal communist state. He was originally exiled from Russia during monarchical reign, but returned to Russia in April 1917.At this time, the Provisional Government had freed political prisoners and loosened up their hold on the press. The Okhrana was also disbanded. All this made it easier for Lenin to carry out his revolutionary activities. He was able to organise the party better with party communities all over Russia and in the army. At the same time, Lenin found a talent in a person called Leon Trotsky. Trotsky used to be on the side of the Mensheviks, another communist group but was more on the side of taking things s lower and not having a revolution so early. Trotsky however opposed this view and joined the Bolsheviks instead.Lenin found that Trotsky was highly capable, both in speaking and in military expertise. He entrusted Trotsky with the job of organising the Bolshevik troops, the Red Army. He also found some qualities in a man called Joseph Stalin. Although less capable than Trotsky in speaking, he was reliable and not so flamboyant. Stalin took charge of the party newspaper,  Pravda (Truth), which spread Bolshevik propaganda and news. Lenin often made speeches to the people. He told them about his ideas for Russia, encapsulated in three basic points: â€Å"Peace, Bread and Land. Not only that, he also opposed the government violently and wanted the immediate transfer of power to the Bolsheviks. This, and the Bolshevik slogan, made them so appealing that they gained power so rapidly and the government's hold on Russia began to slide. The slogan of â€Å"Peace† was probably the m ost attractive offer to the Russian people. Almost everybody wanted the war to stop, as it had dragged on for too long. The devastated economy and dwindling food supplies were all caused by the war, and people wished to return to their lives, just as before the war.Lenin knew this and aptly used this as a slogan for his campaign. Being the only party which constantly opposed the continuation of the war, the Bolsheviks attracted many supporters. The â€Å"Bread† problem was not being met by the government, but the Bolsheviks promised that they would deal with it. Lenin promised to provide the people with sufficient food, and the starving population turned to him for help. â€Å"Land† was another point well handled by Lenin. Most peasants were furious with the government and the landowners for not giving the peasants a chance to earn their own money with their own land.Lenin, however, in accordance with the communist ideology, promised that the landowners' property would be split up and distributed equally, naturally attracting mass support from the majority of the population. As Lenin's support grew, and membership increased tenfold in 8 months, so did dissatisfaction with the government. In July, during a period known as the â€Å"July Days,† a political crisis erupted as soldiers in Petrograd refused to go to the front and sailors joined the workers in anti-government demonstrations. These people were mostly Bolshevik supporters, and these riots were no doubt sparked off by party instigators.However, they were delivered a crushing defeat when the government managed to suppress the demonstrations and arrested a few leading Bolsheviks. Lenin himself was shot twice in the chest from close range, but survived to escape to Finland. However, this event goes to show that the Bolsheviks were gaining a lot of support and would soon be able to take power. Course of Bolshevik Revolution: †¢ Trotsky did the detailed organisation of the Bolshevik revolution. He planned very systematically the seizure of important government buildings and strategic locations by the Red Army. The government knew very well that a revolution was being planned, but were so inefficient and disorganised that they could do nothing about it. †¢ In the end, Lenin returned to Russia on the 23rd of October and thus, the Bolshevik Revolution began. †¢ Trotsky and the Red Army began by getting the support of the Petrograd garrison, and together they seized important railway stations, the telephone exchange and bridges. †¢ They met with no resistance all the way from the Smolny Institute where the Bolshevik headquarters was, to the Winter Palace. †¢ There, the few remaining loyal troops were defending the Palace bravely. However, their resistance collapsed quickly as the  Aurora  fired warning shots (some people say its guns were too pathetic to even reach the walls of the Palace). †¢ Government members were arrested and the h ead, Alexander Kerensky, escaped. †¢ By the 26th of that month, the Bolsheviks had taken Petrograd. After another month, they controlled Russia. The reason why the Bolsheviks were so successful was because other groups like the Social Revolutionaries and the Mensheviks were hesitant in leading a revolution after February. They were willing to work together with the Provisional Government for the good of the people.The Bolsheviks, branding them as traitors, eventually used this cooperative mentality against them. Not only that, they also supported the government in their continuation of the war, and this worked against them too. All this brought the Bolsheviks support from many workers and soldiers in Moscow and Petrograd. However, the Bolsheviks did not have the full support of ALL people in Russia. It was Lenin's and the Bolshevik's task to extend and maintain their control over the vast empire they had inherited. Conclusion: When there is proliferation of crime, poverty and m ass discrimination, people of the nation rebel.Although the people of Russia didn't have a say in the political issues, they didn't protest. However, once they became deprived of their economical rights, along with the assiduous wars, their wrath grew. It grew to such an extend that it overthrew the monarch of a dynasty that has been ruling for over 300 yrs. But Russian Revolution is an classic example that people have the supreme power for the Russians overthrew the administration of the nation, not once; but two times in a span of 3 yrs (although the suffering had been since 19th century). Bibliography/ Acknowledgements: †¢ Google Images http://www. factmonster. com/encyclopedia/history/russian-revolution-causes. html †¢ http://www. bbc. co. uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/russia/longtermcausesrev1. shtml †¢ http://answers. yahoo. com/question/index? qid=20110317174148AA2efvO †¢ http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Russian_Revolution †¢ http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Bolshevik †¢ http://europeanhistory. about. com/od/russiaandukraine/a/Causes-Of-The-Russian-Revolution. htm †¢ http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=2WxNQLr2dKA †¢ http://history1900s. about. com/od/Russian-Revolution/a/Russian-Revolution-Timeline. htm

BLR Savings Project P

Data Code of Conduct We, in our dealings, are self-regulated by a Code of Conduct as enshrined In the Data Code of Conduct. We request your support In helping us adhere to the Code In letter and split. We request that any violation or potential violation of the Code by any person be promptly brought to the notice of the Local Ethics Counselor or the Principal Ethics Counselor or the CEO of TTS. All communication received in this regard will be treated and kept as confidential. 2 Table of Content 4 2. Project 3. Scope of 4. Suggested Solution by TTS 6 5. Technology and Tools ? 7 6.Facts and 9 7. Highlights . 8. Benefits to the Customer ? 3 The customer is one of the leading financial services companies in the United Kingdom (I-J). They have over 7. 5 million people investing in various life assurance, pension, investment and general insurance plans. This is one of Auk's top 50 companies in the Financial Times and Stock Exchange (FETES) Index and its operations are spread across the wo rld, mainly in the United States (US), France, Netherlands, Germany and I-J. This leading financial services company makes financial security easier to achieve for millions of people.Through the range of general insurance and protection products that the company offers, it helps protect lives, health, homes and belongings of millions of people. 2. Project Background The customer, based in the I-J, has entrusted Data Consultancy Services (TTS) with the task of managing the today-day IT operations of various business units. This engagement aims to deliver administration services of high quality to the customer's Wealth Business Unit at reduced costs, increased efficiency and reduced time to deliver projects. The following systems form a part of the Wealth Delivery Unit: Future ProductFramework The Future Product Framework (OFF) system plays a central role in the customer's Pension and Investment business and in the customer's strategic Pensions and Bonds administration system. OFF was implemented in 1999. It was designed to provide flexibility in products to meet customer requirements. OFF is a rules and derivative system and has the capability to launch products to the market quickly. UNIt Linked PENsion UNIt Linked PENsion (UNEVEN) is the customer's legacy system that was developed in- house and was originally implemented in 1980.Since 2001, many of its functions eve been replicated within the newer OFF system, and as a consequence almost all new pension contracts are set up on OFF rather than on UNEVEN. Some parts of UNEVEN have been replaced by separate applications such as Individual Pension Claims (PC) and Pensions Increments (PINCH). PC The PC is an online system that enables the creation, maintenance, and printing of Personal and Corporate pension quotations based on the customer pension plans. This system handles retirement, death and transfer out. It is predominately an online system. Quotation documents are composed using SF. PC was implemented in 199 2.PINCH The PINCH system was built to replace the existing UNEVEN renewal routines and to provide dados Benefit Statements and online illustrations. It is primarily used to produce Benefits Statements and Incremental Illustrations for Individual and Occupational Pensions. It was implemented in 1994. Group Pensions The Group Pensions system handles the administration of the following pension products: POP, POP and the Group Pension schemes with respect to maintaining member records and renewal processing. It also administers the settlement of claims for deaths and retirements, including producing claim quotations. ValuationsThe Valuations system performs the valuation of policies across various applications within this account to finally arrive at a valuation of customer's business. Agency, Customer, Finance and Healthcare These systems coordinate with the business to align with the business with respect to Agency and customer details. 5 3. Scope of Work The scope of this engagement is to provide application development and maintenance services across both the legacy and strategic systems of the customer's Wealth Business Unit. TTS provides the following services to the Wealth Business Unit: Management of all the phases of the project lifestyle

Determination of Iron in Natural Water by Spectrophotometry.

Title: Determination of Iron in Natural water by Spectrophotometry. Aim: To determine the iron in natural water by spectrophotometry. Abstract: The iron in natural water was determined by utilizing spectrophotometric analysis. That was done by measuring the absorbance of five Fe(oPH)2+3 standards at 510 nm. From that information, a calibration curve was plotted and used to find the amount of Fe2+ that was in two unknown water samples based on the absorbance readings obtained with them at 510nm. The equation of the line was found to be y=0.1765x + 0.0705. It was then determined that there was no iron present in water sample A, while for water sample B, the iron was present in the proportions of 0.9037ppm, 1.614x10-5M and 9.037x10-3%.†¦show more content†¦Method: Standard iron solutions, sodium acetate solution, 10% hydroxylamine hydrochloride, 1-10 phenanthroline and solvent blank solutions were prepared before hand to use throughout the experiment. 2.00, 4.00, 6.00, 8.00 and 10.00 mL of iron stock solution were pipetted into five 100mL volumetric flasks. To each flask, 1mL of 10% hydroxylamine hydrocholrid e, 10 mL of sodium acetate and 10mL of 1,10-phenanthroline solution was added. The mixture was allowed to stand for 10 minutes then made up to the mark with distilled water. The absorbance of all five standards solutions were determined with respect to the blank at 510 nm. 10.0mL of water sample was transferred to a 100mL volumetric flask, and treated exactly the same way as the standards, measuring the absorbance with respect to the blank. Results: Concentration of Fe(oPH)2+ | Absorbance at 510nm | 1 | 0.251 | 2 | 0.424 | 3 | 0.587 | 4 | 0.785 | 5 | 0.482 | Unknown | Absorbance at 510nm | A | -0.07 | B | 0.023 | Table 1 showing the absorbance obtained at a wavelength of 510nm, using a OHAUS spectrophotometer, for concentrations of Fe(oPH)2+ of (1,2,3,4,5)ppms and two unknown water samples A and B. Calculations: (i) Equation of the line: y=0.1765x + 0.0705. Sample A absorbance -0.007, hence, that value does not have to be substituted in the equation as it is a known fact that a negative absorbance reading means there is no ironShow MoreRelatedInorganic Ion Exchangers774 Words   |  4 Pagesand Mann and Casso 2008). Watari et al. (2010) were studied removal of Cs-137 and I-131 using ion-exchanger of ferrocyanide form water and milk, respectively, as emergency countermeasures. KCoFC, KNiFC, and KCuFC can be applied to separate trace amounts of the Cs ion from the surrogate soil decontamination solution (Won et al. 2008). Taj et al. 2009, used potassium iron(III)hexacyanoferrate(II) for the strontium(II) removal from HNO3 and HCl solutions. Removal of cesium by composite material of poly